Module 1: Synthesis of Nucleobases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides

In biological cells, cytosine is converted into uracil by a hydrolysis reaction. Once uracil is synthesized, it is then converted into thymine.
The RNA World Theory says that RNA was the molecule which was created first from the primordial soup.
One of the experiments to simulate the creation of nucleic compounds, treated methane and nitrogen with a high voltage electric spark. This synthesized an organic acetylene derivative, acetylene, and cyanide.
Another experiment tried to synthesize nucleobases in interstellar ice using high UV radiation.
Fischer Helfrich synthesis was one of the first successful synthesis of the nucleobases.
To crease a nucleoside you have to attach a nucleobase with a sugar. There are many alternative methods to do this.
Both purines and pyrimidines can be attached to the sugar moiety in both ribose sugar and deoxyribose sugar.
To create nucleotides, a sugar and a phosphate need to be attached to a nucleobase.
M. Caruthers developed a complete protocol for the synthesis of DNA stretches or Oligonucleotides. This chemistry is known as the phosphoramidite chemistry.
The small stretches of oligonucleotides are synthesized by Solid-phase synthesis which means the reaction has solid support, in this case, glass support.