We will be talking about the Materials and Resources for SustainableArchitecture. Before we go on to talk about specifics of how the compliance can beachieved for sustainable architecture through green building rating programs.Let us quickly go through some of the terms and definitions which we would berepetitively using through these lectures. Now, this materials and resources is through thelifetime of the building right from the construction stage till the post occupancy stage.So, all these terms and definitions are also spread across the lifetime of the building.(Refer Slide Time: 01:23)So, the different terms are first waste, which is very commonly used. So, it comprises ofall the materials that flow from the building to the final disposal. Now, as I said it couldbe at any stage and hence the type of waste coming out of the building at different stageswould vary. So, during construction phase of the building the more would be construction demolition waste or construction waste, while when we move on to theoccupancy stage when the building is occupied the waste could vary from a lot of thesecategories including paper, organic garden waste, food scraps, plastics and so ondepending upon the type of building’s we use.The next is waste disposal. So, waste disposal is the process of eliminating waste by themeans of a landfill, combustion, incinerator, dumping or any other way that is notrecycling or reuse. Through waste disposal it means that we are just discarding the wasteand not utilizing it in a proper manner.Waste diversion is management of activity in such a manner that it disposes the wasteother than through incineration or the use of landfills. So, for example, there was aconstruction waste which was otherwise going to the landfill while during the buildingdesign we use we decide to use this construction waste for paving of a road for thesubgrade of the pavement. Now that through that we have diverted the waste from beingsent for tothe to the landfill, that is what waste diversion is.Waste reduction it includes both the source reduction as well as waste diversion throughreuse or recycling. So, we are talking about the reduction at source of the waste and alsothe waste diversion together as part of the waste reduction.(Refer Slide Time: 03:33) Recycling collection area is the area which is located in a regularly occupied space in thebuilding or on the sitde which is for the collection, segregation and recycling of thiswaste. Reuse is returning back the material to it is active use in the same or a relatedcapacity so, putting back the same material into another use. Source reduction is thereduction in the amount of unnecessary material brought into the building. For example,the amount of a particular material that is to be consumed in a building throughconstruction or later on. So, if the quantity of it can be optimized and reduced therebythen it comes into the category of source reduction.So, for example, if we are using a regular concrete slab 100 mm concrete slab and wecalculate the amount of concrete to be used in that slab versus we use a filler slab wherewe have used the filler material and thereby we have reduced the volume of concrete bysay around 20 percent or 15 percent, now this 15 percent or 20 percent is sourcereduction.(Refer Slide Time: 04:57)Now, let us come to a little detail of it. So, waste is any substance which is discardedafter primary use, which is of no use for the primary user. (Refer Slide Time: 05:07)Now, this waste is becoming a huge problem all over the world and in India as well. So,if we look at the numbers the numbers are quite alarming quite huge and the per capitageneration of waste municipal solid waste in different Indian cities it varies, but it isreasonably high as compared to the international trends this number is very low, butconsidering the density and the overall population of our country, the overall amount ofwaste volume of waste which is generated per day is quite huge.And it is estimated that with the given lifestyle change that we are witnessing more andmore areas are becoming urbanized and we are changing our lifestyle into a lifestylewhich is more waste producing. So, as per a report from TERI the energy and resourcesinstitute it is estimated that the waste generation will exceed 260 million tons per year by2047 that is more than 5 times the present level. (Refer Slide Time: 06:23)If we look at the broad classification of this waste, we can broadly categorize into twocategories; one is a biodegradable waste and the other one is a non biodegradable waste.Very clearly all of us probably would have read in our schools and all and we know thatbiodegradable wastes are those which can be decomposed by natural processes and theycan be converted into the elemental form.The non biodegradable waste is the waste which cannot be decomposed and it remains assuch in the environment. So, they are persistent and they can cause various problems,there is a variety of materials which fall under this non biodegradable waste. (Refer Slide Time: 07:11)If we look at the classification of the solid waste as per a report solid waste managementin developing countries we can see different types of waste. So, there is food waste, thereis rubbish as part of that we have two, we have combustible rubbish and we have noncombustible rubbish. As part of combustible rubbish we are talking about the paper,cardboard, cartons, we are talking about rags and cloth and bedding, leather, rubber,grass, garden trimmings etcetera. While in non combustible which cannot be burnt toproduce energy, we have metals, all sorts of metals, we have construction waste and theglass wastes and other mineral refuse. So, this is rubbish.Talking about the next category is ashes and residue. So, this is the residues from fireused for cooking and for heating buildings from thermal power plant, cinders andclinkers all of that comes into this. Bulky waste is huge waste for example, discardedrefrigerator, television, other large appliances, huge trees etcetera. So, this is all bulkywaste street straight waste is street sweepings and dirt, leaves, the catch basin dirt andanimal droppings and all which is commonly present in on the street. (Refer Slide Time: 08:29)Then we have dead animals, we also have construction and demolition waste which is ofa great concern when we are talking about sustainable architecture. So, some of thesewastes might not figure as part of the solid waste management scheme when we aretalking of sustainable architecture, but it is imperative to know about all these types ofwastes. Then we have industrial waste and sludge, now this may vary depending uponthe type of industry and the type of processing each industry has.Then we have hazardous wastes, now this hazardous wastes includes the pathologicalwastes which is the medical waste, explosives, radioactive material, toxic wastes. Now,these types of wastes may be present in limited quantity in buildings depending upon theusage of the building. Then we have horticultural waste which is the garden waste, nowall this waste as of now in India is largely being disposed on landfill sites they are beingdumped on the land. (Refer Slide Time: 09:37)And we can see huge areas like this and this scenario there the waste is also beingdumped in the rivers alongside rivers and there is a huge environmental impact of thissolid waste disposal on land and the situation is quite alarming. The first and foremostand the most serious of all is this groundwater contamination by the leachate generatedby the waste dump. Unfortunately in dense areas the first aquifer which is the unconfinedaquifer majority of the aquifer has got contaminated simply because of this leachatewhich is generated by the waistwaste which is dumped on the land.So, this leachate passes percolate through the soil and it reaches the aquifer therebycontaminating the water. So, when we were talking about the problems related to water,we talked about contamination and solid waste disposal on land is one of the majorcauses of underground aquifer contamination. Another is surface water a contaminationwhich is what we are seeing here. So, when the waste is disposed in sites which are closeto the surface aquifers for example, rivers or ponds.So, this leachate is actually going into these water bodies and not just the leachate, butalso they runoff from the waste dump. So, the waste itself and they run off from thatcarrying the contaminants is taking taken into the surface water bodies. Then bad odour,pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste dump is seen. So, a lot ofpests and rodents for example, rats and insects and cockroaches and lot of these peststhey thrive around this waste and there is bad odour as well. There is generation of inflammable gases special methane within the waste dumpbecause of this decomposition process which is happening. So, there is organic andinorganic and all types of waste which is mixed and dumped on the land which generatesthese gases which is also harmful.Then there is a lot of bird meanness above the waste dump. So, we have we might haveseen a lot of these birds, scavenger birds for example, eagle who create a menace abovethe waste dump. So, it not only affects the flight of aircraft which is one of the majorconcerns, but it is also difficult for the habitation around because these birds they createa lot of menace. Then because of these inflammable gases there are often fires within thewaste dump. So, these gases may catch fire and also if part of the waste is being burntwhich is also the usual practice.So, the waste often catches fire and is further polluting the environment. There areerosion instability problems relating to the slopes of the waste dump. So, we might haverecently heard that the waste disposal site one of the waste disposal sites in Delhi itcollapse thereby killing couple of people and creating havoc around. So, such problemsalso are generated. Then there are epidemics through the stray animals so, because of allthese rodents and pests and all this waste and stray animals coming in contact with them.So, there is an increased chance of spread of epidemics because of this solid wastedisposal on land. Then the surrounding soil becomes acidic, because of this leachatepercolation. (Refer Slide Time: 13:19)Now, besides this if we properly manage the solid waste, there are several environmentalbenefits which are just opposite of all the environmental impacts that we have just talkedabout. For example, if we recycle 1 ton of paper it prevents the processing of 17 treesand it saves around 81 cubic feet of landfill spaces.So, it is not just that we are taking care of the environment by ensuring that it is hygienicit is clean, but simultaneously we are reducing the borrowing of virgin material from thenature and we are also saving on the land, because currently there is very land hasbecome a commodity and it is very highly precious it is scarce in cities. Also we wouldbe saving on resources like energy hugely. So, for example, if you recycle glass or a ifwe recycle aluminum. So, only 5 to 10 percent of the energy which is otherwise of theenergy which is required to produce virgin material is consumed if the recycling ishappening.So, not just are we saving on the virgin resource, we are saving on land and we aresaving on energy and same quality of material is again available to be used. So, a lot ofenvironmental benefits come if we properly manage our solid waste. (Refer Slide Time: 14:49)So, when we are talking about municipal solid waste management what does it imply.So, it implies the entire process starting from the collection, transport, processing,recycling and disposable and also the monitoring of these waste materials in case sometoxic waste is there and then we may just need to seal it forever and keep it in isolation.So, in such cases even the monitoring of waste materials and of the overall activity, all ofthis in entirety is solid waste management municipal solid waste management.So, there are two conventional principles of solid waste management, one is ‘dilute anddisperse’ and the other one is ‘concentrate and contain’. So, when we are talking aboutdilute and disperse we are diluting the contamination. So, we are either improving thequality of it through dilution or through processing and then we are dispersing it. So, thatit is not contaminating and it is not concentrated to create problems. In case we are notdiluting it we are further concentrating it and we are containing it in form of sealedboxes. (Refer Slide Time: 16:11)So, the objective of solid waste management is to maintain clean and hygienic conditionsand reduce the quantity of solid waste, in addition to that to recover the waste materialsand energy from the solid waste. So, none of the resources which is contained in solidwaste should go in vain and we are reducing the amount of solid waste disposed of insanitary landfill facilities. So, we have to reduce the amount of waste which is going tothe landfill sites.(Refer Slide Time: 16:43) So, if we look at the waste generation in class 1 cities with population above 1 lac00000we see that 7 mega cities in India, are responsible for around 18.5 percent of the totallandfill which is alarming. So, are the bigger the city is the rate of waste generation perday is also higher and the overall percentage of waste which is generated. Looking at 28metro cities, it they are generating around 17 percent of the total waste and 388 class 1towns are generating around 37.07 percent.If you look at the percentages which is in tons per day collectively and if we calculate forper city basis then we see that per city waste generation is much higher for mega cities ascompared to the rest of the class 1 towns.(Refer Slide Time: 17:41)Now, when we are talking about an effective solid waste management we have alreadydiscussed the different environmental benefits that come along, but then the solid wastemanagement has to be proper we have to look at a sustainable solution. Now, when weare talking about sustainable solution we are talking about the environmental dimension,we are talking about the environmental impacts and benefits from the selected processselected strategy. In addition to that we are also talking about the economic dimension soin the long run how economic is the strategy for treating the solid waste management andalso the social acceptance.So, how people can be brought in and it is not just human beings we are also taking careof the stray animals, the cows and dogs and all of those animals who are straying on the streets. So, collectively we have to see that, what is the solution which will be beneficialfor all. If you look at the health impacts of solid waste disposal on land we see that itcauses tremendous health problems to human beings, we are not even talking about thestray animals, but to human beings because of all forms of pollution.(Refer Slide Time: 18:59)This solid waste management improper solid waste disposal causes further air pollutionand water pollution and soil contamination all of which have a large impact on humanhealth including the risk to have cancer, the skin problem is nausea, cardiovascularillnesses which is becoming quite rampant common in today’s times, respiratoryillnesses, a lot of contamination, lot of infection which is caused because of bacteria,parasites and chemicals as well. A lot of problems which are caused because of these airpollution and inhaling of these air pollutions the presence of pesticides.So, all of this is quite costly if we look at it in terms of the GDP the percentage which isbeing invested on human health if we manage your solid waste properly a lot ofinvestment which is required from for health facilities can automatically be reduced anddiverted. (Refer Slide Time: 20:11)So, if you look at this waste collection in India primarily it is the responsibility of citymunicipality, unfortunately there is no gradation of waste product into by degradable andrecyclables and non-biodegradable across the municipalities after the ambitious programof government of India this segregated waste collection has been initiated in severalcities of our country. And there is a Swacchtha Servekshan which is carried out bygovernment of India and it is encouraging municipalities to collect all the waste andsegregate it right at the source or later and then process it recycle it put into the recyclingplants.So, as of now not all the municipalities are actually collecting the segregated wastes, butyes collection through the municipality is happening now in majority of the cities. Thenext is through rag pickers. So, we as a community we as a society I am talking aboutIndian society at large have this habit of storing anything that is recyclable. So, whetherit is paper or plastic or glass, metal. So, we have been in the habit of storing these recyclerecyclables and these recyclables are then taken up by the local [FL] or what we call asrag pickers.So, we select these items which are recyclables and these rag pickers they take theserecyclables and sell it to recycling industries, where a useful product is for the formedproduced out of this collected recyclables. Unfortunately with the changing lifestyle and a lot of westernization of our culture even the recyclables are going towards the wastewhich is what we never did earlier.So, rag pickers have a great role to play every locality we have at least 2 to 3 rag pickerswho would keep visiting every week and they collect all the recyclables. So, these are thetwo means of waste collection in India and if you look at the structure of municipal solidwaste.(Refer Slide Time: 22:31)We can see that the municipal solid waste is divided into broad two categories, one istrash and the other one is refused. Now, trash usually contains the bulky waste and refusecontains the organic matter and the inorganic matter, the non biodegradable matter. Thebiodegradable matter if is further processed, it is decomposed and the manure or theuseful compost can be produced out of that while rubbish can actually go dependingupon the what kind of material it is.So, if it is glass, rubber, metal, plastic so, all of that can actually go into recycling whilesome of this lowly degradable material for example, paper, wood products, textiles, maybe sent for further composting. (Refer Slide Time: 23:23)So, if you look at the hierarchy of integrated solid waste management. So, couple ofyears ago almost 15 years back we were not talking about the integrated solid wastemanagement. So, there were different activities within solid waste management, but theywere not integrated, fortunately enough today we have we are talking about onlyintegrated soil solid waste management and here we talked about as the first strategywaste minimization.After waste minimization whatever municipal solid waste is created generated, we talkedabout segregation at source and then the collection. So, it could be either this route or if itis segregation at source then it goes to the collection from source to segregation centersand then segregated into biodegradable and non biodegradable, for non biodegradablewaste it is taken to recycling plants and for biodegradable waste we take it to aerobiccomposting or anaerobic composting any form of composting. There are mechanicalcomposters as well which go for anaerobic composting and then to our gardens andagricultural lands etcetera. (Refer Slide Time: 24:39)So, when we are talking about the material use and waste there are 3 distinct priorities.So, the first priority is to prevent the waste and primary pollution so, reducing theamount of waste which is generated. So, we have to reduce the different types of productconsumption and thereby the generated waste for example, reduction in the packagingwaste, reduction in the food waste, reduction in the paper waste, reduction in all types ofwaste that is possible.The second is we are talking about the reuse and repair, reuse, repair and recycle. Nowagain this has been an intrinsic quality of our community of our society where recyclingand repair and reuse of the products was an integral part of our lifestyle. So, there wasnothing which would directly immediately go as waste. For example, the mop which iscommonly known as [FL] so, couple of years back almost 20 years back none of themarket shops would have a mop which would be available out there, because all thehouseholds would be using the used cloth as mop and that was a very common practice.Unfortunately after the influence of western global market culture even the mops arenow available. So, that is where a lot of waste cloth which is generated in the householdnow goes to landfills it now goes out as a waste, while earlier none of it would actuallygo as waste because it would further be reused we had this culture of repair we still have.So, almost for everything we have a repair mechanic whether it is we it would be shoesor slippers or clothes or the equipment for example, mixer juicer or microwave or whatever we have repair shops, while if you look at the developed countries they do nothave the concept of repairing and reusing a product we still have and we have to furtherencourage it. So, first we reduce the amount of waste which is generated, second werepair and reuse repair recycle and reuse all these products and the last priority is that wetreat the ways to reduce the toxicity or we incinerate it or burry it in the landfills or werelease the last is to release the waste into environment for dispersal or dilution.We should avoid all of this which our priority should be to reduce or to recycle and reuseand there should not be any waste we should actually be going into the environmentthrough any of the means.(Refer Slide Time: 27:45)So, when we are talking about municipal solid waste management the same prioritiesbecome the principle. So, we are talking about the waste reduction and then we aretalking about the effective management, where we are talking about recycling repairreuse. So, if you look at the hierarchy of waste management options we would first try toreduce the waste at source. (Refer Slide Time: 28:09)Then recycle it, process the waste, transform it and after that whatever little is left wewill then dispose it on land after it has been converted into inert waste. Now all this is ina hierarchical manner. So, it is not that simultaneously all these steps would be takingplace.(Refer Slide Time: 28:35)We will be going from one step to the other step in a hierarchical manner and therebyreducing the amount of waste which is generated at each site and the ultimate aim is toreduce the amount of each waste which is finally, disposed. (Refer Slide Time: 28:57)So, if we look at all these steps of solid waste management in detail at waste collectionwe need to collect the waste from each facility and it should be collected from door todoor or through a centrally organized facility. Once the waste has been collected eitherthe waste is segregated at source or it is segregated with before it is sent fortransportation and processing at a central facility.If the waste has to be transported to the recycling facility then it we have to ensureproper transportation through covered transportation. So, that there is no littering whichis happening, through transportation we will be sending it to the processing units wheredifferent types of wastes will be treated processed differently. So, recyclables will begoing to specific industrial units where there will be recycled, the organic waste may besent to mechanical composers or vermi composting or whatever appropriate strategydepending upon the waste type and once it has been processed it is either taken back forreuse or if it is inert.For example, the compost has been created out of mechanical compost or so then it canbe disposed. Now, this is a harmless waste it is not hazardous and it has been brokendown decomposed to it is elemental form which can be then returned back to theenvironment. (Refer Slide Time: 30:31)Now, there are several problems in dealing with solid waste. One of the major problemsis in education and voluntary compliance. So, when we request the occupants tosegregate their waste at source there is the biggest challenge and also the resistance.Then collection of waste which is efficiently being done handled by municipalities, thenwe are talking about technological interventions. So, not all technologies are appropriatefor all scales and types of wastes so, identifying selecting the right type of technology.And then institutions and regulatory framework so, how this regulation has to beenforced one creator and then enforced also in a country like ours. We have absence ofmandatory standards for waste reduction specially, at the industrial level also monitoringof it. And then market action for waste reduction. Fortunately with a lot of impetus fromthe government through policies and kings a lot of this solid waste management and thepolicies, frameworks, action plans are being seen on ground. (Refer Slide Time: 31:43)So, when we are talking about waste minimization we have to adopt the methods toreduce the amount of waste which is generated at source. So, we talking about adoptionof industry standards for product manufacturing, we are talking about passing of laws tominimize the use of virgin materials in consumer product and we are talking aboutlevying of fees, cess on communities for waste management services that penalizegeneration of waste and increase in the waste quantities. Then we are talking aboutresource recovery through material recycling.(Refer Slide Time: 32:27) So, we are talking about segregation at source which will then lead to the resourcerecovery. Now, this resource recovery could be in terms of energy, in terms of material,for example, glass, metals, the entire material can be recovered resource can berecovered or we can also talk about the garden waste, the organic waste for example, biowaste or garden waste which can be then recycled to extract the elements the nutrientswhich are contained in it. So, we have different types of processes we have biologicalprocesses which can be anaerobic processes and aerobic processes .s.(Refer Slide Time: 33:05)And aerobic processes asAs we have also seen in the solid waste, water processing,recycling the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes. (Refer Slide Time: 33:15)There are thermal processes which include combustion which is incineration where theproducts are burnt and the harmful gases are controlled they are captured before they arereleased into the environment. So, incineration is another process which is one of thethermal processes, but all the thermal processes require a lot of energy. Then pyrolysiswhere combustion in the complete absence of oxygen is taking place and thengasification where we are combusting in presence of very little amount of air.(Refer Slide Time: 33:55) There are many other processes for example, hydrolysis to recover organic acids,chemical processes to recover oil, gas and cellulose. Ffluidized waste by reactors forcellulose production and ethanol production. So, a lot of technological processes are nowavailable, in addition to that we are talking about the transformation processes whereprior to the disposal the level of hazard that these materials contain that can be reduced.So, the hazardous materials can be converted into non hazardous materials and then theycan be disposed.(Refer Slide Time: 34:37)The disposal or land should be the last type of the last step if nothing else works