Hi friends, now we will discuss on the topic energy production from biomass and waste.Already we have seen that biomass is one of the most important resource for renewableenergy production and this biomass can be used as a fresh biomass or the waste biomasslike say agricultural residues, forest residues, etc and this biomass and waste can be processedin different routes like say thermal route, chemical route, and biological route.Physical routes can also be used for the preparation or pretreatment or to make the biomass suitablefor use in a particular type of reactor.Now all of us we know that the coal is produced from biomass, plant biomass basically.Should the technologies or the processes which we have discussed for the conversion of coalto energy those can also be applicable in case of biomass, but in this case as you knowthe volatile matter is higher in case of biomass, so the requirement of reaction conditionswill be milder than that of the coal conversion.Now if we see that biomass is having more volatiles, so apart from thermal combustionroute, thermal processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, etc, we can use biologicalroutes also for the conversion of energy from it, particularly when we will consider thewaste biomass and organic part of the municipal solid waste, so municipal solid waste containsgood amount of organic part that contains high amount of carbon as well as moisturecontent is also high so that part can be converted to bio-gasification routes.Some of the waste contains lipid containing materials, high amount of lipid is availablein it, for example say oils seeds to oil, so vegetable oil and edible oils and non-edibleoils both can be converted to biodiesel through the chemical route or say waste cooking oilthat can also be converted to biodiesel through chemical route.As you know, the biomass is highly reactive than coal and its density is less, so to usethis biomass in a particular reactor to give the sufficient strength and to maintain theparticle size, the densification of the biomass and waste is required.So we will discuss all those things, but we will not cover the thermal conversion routesbecause we have already discussed these things in these processes in case of coal conversion,so similar concept will be applicable for biomass also for its conversion to electricityor other fuels.For this class, the contents are biomass and waste as a source of energy, then biomassand wastes energy conversion routes, and then anaerobic digestion of biomass and wastes.We see here this slide shows us some biomass residues, grass, corn stover, baggasse andwood chips.So these are the agricultural wastes and you see in the agricultural waste, this contentscellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and others.So good amount of cellulose and hemicellulose is available, lignin also we have significantamount.So this is the structure of a lignocellulosic biomass, so you have lignin outer part, thenwe had cellulose mostly in structure and then hemicellulose not that structure one.So these 3 components are available in biomass and biomass residues or waste biomass, sothis can be a source of energy.If we see the municipal solid waste, so different part of the municipal solid waste or componentsof the MSW are provided here, so paper, cardboard, bags, wood crates, boxes, scrapes, bush, branches,leaves, grass, garbage, green stuff, greens, rags, etc.So you see here out of these components, somewhere we have moisture 5, somewhere we have moisture75%.So as we had discussed that low moisture content will be processed through thermal route andhigh moisture content will process through biological route.These biological routes we will be discussing now and we see here all the cases we get someheating value.So it is very clear from this that we can recover this heat which is available in thewaste and biomass for energy production.Now we will see the different routes which can be used for the production of energy fromthe biomass and waste.So if we have biomass and waste, we can use it through thermochemical conversion and likesay combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction, the similar to coal, so we arenot covering this part.Then biological conversion we can use for the use of this biomass and waste and itsconversion to energy.So the important biological routes are anaerobic digestion which gives us methane that is biogas,then fermentation can give us ethanol or higher alcohol, and some enzymatic routes again theethanol and amino acid they can give.We will be concentrating in this class on anaerobic digestion, so this is a commercialprocess and the fermentation is under development particularly for the waste materials.Then chemical conversion another method we have that is hydrolysis, solvent extraction,and transesterification, we will be giving more focus on transesterification in the nextclass.Then physical conversion is also required as I have mentioned that to make the feedstocksuitable for its use in a reactor system, so then these are these are say densificationor briquetting.Then other physical methods, mechanical extractions and distillation we will discuss these 3 routesconsecutively.Now we will see the anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste.So all types of waste and biomass may not be suitably converted through anaerobic processes,but certain waste and biomass can be processed easily and most economically also you cansay can be converted.So some examples of those food feedstocks here are energy crops, animal waste, industrialwaste, MSW, some part of it, then restaurant and food industry waste, and sludge from wastewatertreatment plant.So all those things are the feedstocks for the anaerobic digestion process.This anaerobic digestion process is a complex process a series of biological processes inwhich microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.So anaerobic condition is required for this process and then it gives us biogas, it cangive us hydrogen, it can give us bio-fertilizer, compost, and we can also get some water fromthe slurry after proper treatment.Now we will see the mechanism or different types of phenomena which takes place duringthe production of biogas or methane in the anaerobic digester.So we have complex organic compounds, carbohydrates, fats and proteins available in our feedstocks.Then the first step is the hydrolysis, so after hydrolysis, we will get simple organiccompounds that is sugar, amino acids, and peptides.So those are our preliminary feedstocks for biological reactions.So far we have hydrolysis and then it will be having some fermentation also.Then these sugars can be converted to short chain fatty acids through the acidogenesisroute and some microbes are available to convert it to hydrogen, some microbes also convertit to acetic acid.These acidogenic microorganism, so this simple sugar will be converted to short chain fattyacids.Then short chain fatty acids will be converted to acetic acid through acetogenesis.So this is acidogenesis, that is simple organic compounds to short chain fatty acids, andthis is acetogenesis that is short chain fatty acids to acetic acid or acetate.So this can be either this way or some microbes also produce hydrogen, then that hydrogenand CO2 that also be converted to this, so both type of a complex biological reactionsare going on in AD or anaerobic digester.Then the acetic acid which is formed that is further converted to methane through methanogenesis,some microbes are responsible for this conversation, and this H2 and CO2 which is available inthe media those can also be converted to CH4 and CO2 can also be produced and this is calledmethane producing bacteriaSo this is the overall reactions, reaction scheme which takes place in an anaerobic digester.Now we will see the relative contribution of different type of processes.So if we have organic compounds here, then short chain fatty acids we can get around76% of that and then short chain fatty acids directly acetic acid we can get 20%, directlyhydrogen we can get 4%.The major process is through the short chain fatty acid production, the first step, majorstep is a conversion of organic compounds to short chain fatty acids through hydrolysisand then acidogenesis.Then, these fatty acids will be converted to acetate mostly and some part is hydrogenaround 52% and 24% and this is the relative abundance of different type of processes.Then acetic acid to methane and then hydrogen to this, so out of total methane, so 72% iscoming through this route and around 28% is coming through this route.So this is the major reactions hydrolysis and acidogenesis, then acetogenesis and dehydrogenation,and then methanogenesis.So these are the basic reactions which take place in anaerobic digester.Now how we can represent this formula.This is a complex process, unlike say coal combustion or gasification, we cannot representvery simple formula here.So this a complex one, and then people try to represent in terms of chemical expressionsand empirical relationship have been proposed.One example as available in this and proposed by this researcher you see CnHaObNc reactswith this amount of oxygen, this many moles of H2O and gives this one.Actually, there are some microbes, so microbes are there, they take in water and then reacton these and then gives the product CH4, CO2, HCO3, NH4 and this is and these organic compoundssince taken up by the microorganisms and their biomass growths, so this is the biomass C5H7O2N,the cell biomass growth.So this is the empirical relationship.Now we can get the value of n, a, b and c on the basis of elemental composition of thefeedstock and then we have to know s and e, then all the coefficients we can know.So what is s and e, we see here, s is the fraction of waste converted into cells.So how much waste we are taking here that will be if we take the mass balance, thenit will be partially converted to the cell biomass and remaining part will be convertedto the energy.So that is why s is equal to fraction of waste converted into cells, then e is equal to fractionof waste converted into methane energy, so s+e = 1.So now by mass balance, we can get the value of s and e and we can put this expression,we can we can predict what can be the biogas formation in this particular feedstock andin this process.This C5H7O2N is the empirical formula for bacterial biomass and CnN is the empiricalformula of the waste being digested.Now we will see different type of bacteria which are responsible for this anaerobic digestionprocesses.So hydrolysis or hydrolyzing and fermenting bacteria, so hydrolysis takes place and thenfermentation also takes place.So here what we get, hydrolysis product sugar, then alcohols, then amino acids, and glycerol,so they will be further converted to different compounds in the acidogenesis stage.So acidogenesis stage sugar is converted to fatty acids, then alcohols to fatty acidsand CO2, ammonia is also fatty acids, and glycerol acetate.So these are the different products which are produced through this acidogenesis step.Some example of this bacteria are also given here that is Bacteroides, Bidifobacterium,Butyrovibrio, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus those act as acidogenic bacteria.E. coli is also helps in this process.Now we will see the acetogenic bacteria.So acetogenic bacteria that is Clostridia and Acetivibrio are some example of acetogenicbacteria.So these bacteria convert the fatty acids to acetic acid conversion, so acetogenic bacteria.Then these are the presentation of propionate to acetate, propanol to acetate, butyrateto acetate.Then homoacetogens are also available, those convert H2+CO2 to acetic acid just we haveif you see this one, this conversions from acetogens and hydrogen producing acetogensare also these reactions.Now methanogenic bacteria, so some bacteria are there which helps the methane formationreactions and these are basically 2 types, one is acetoclastic methanogens.So acetoclastic methanogens means acetic acid will be converted to methane by these microorganismsand another is your hydrogenotrophic methanogens.Hydrogenotrophic methanogens means hydrogen plus carbon dioxide will be converted to methaneplus 2H2O.So if we see out of these 2 routes, that means here this say two, this route and this route,the contribution here is around 70% and here it is around 30%.So now, the formic acid and methanol present in the in the media, then those can also beconverted to methane as per the formula HCOOH to CH4+3CO2+2H2O and this is methanol to methaneconversion.These methanogenic bacteria have been classified into different groups depending upon their16S ribosomal RNA fingerprinting and group I, group II, and group III are some examplesare given here.These bacteria are unicellular, these are gram-variable, strict anaerobes and do notform endospores.So these are some basics of the microorganisms which have been used for the anaerobic digestionprocess.Now, we will see how we can perform the anaerobic digestion reactions or how we can processthe feedstocks, that is the waste and biomass, to produce biogas.So obviously, the reactor or microorganisms which react on certain types of molecules,so initially what feedstocks we are having in terms of waste that has to be convertedto the initial compound which will be degraded by the microorganism, so some pretreatmentis required and also we have to get the size reduction, etc, from the original feedstock.So if we have organic feed, then water and chemicals then there were some shredding,blending, and pH adjustment which is the pre-requirement for the growth of bacteria and the conversionsof the molecules from the higher molecular rate to the lower molecular rate and finallyto methane.Then we need the pretreatment of feed, this is basically very useful when we will considerfor lignocellulosic biomass because lignin is not biodegradable, so you have to separatethe lignin part from the biomass and then the non-lignin part will be used for furtherprocessing.So this pretreatment is required, then after pretreatment by removing the undesirable materialsin this and making the feedstock more suitable for biological conversion, it is going foranaerobic digestion.So this in anaerobic digestion, we maintain mesophilic or thermophilic condition.So this temperature around say 35-40 degree centigrade temperature, the biogas is formedand then this biogas goes up from the digester and this biogas can have some impurities,so you need to remove the impurities and we need mixed gas separation.Then water, acid, gases and organosilicon mostly available, so we need to purify thisgas and we can get the methane or that is called synthetic natural gas or biogas.Then the slurry part which we are getting here so that will go for dewatering step,and dewatering step will give us some sludge and some liquid, so liquid will be treatedfurther for the production of water and sludge we are getting that sludge will be used forother purposes, may be say composting or as a fertilizer, etc.This part of this sludge recycling is required to maintain the microbial biomass in the anaerobicdigester.So this is the overall flow sheet of the anaerobic digestion process.Now we will see the type of anaerobic digestion process.So initially, anaerobic digestion process was the used with a substrate concentrationof around 8 to 10% and that is the wet state of anaerobic digestion, now gradually peopledeveloped some improved version of these and that is called dry anaerobic digestion, andwe see the difference between these two wet and dry anaerobic digestion processes in thistable.So we have some processing mode and then we will compare those, that is total solids contentand then we see dry as you have mentioned that is 20-25 to 45% solid may be availablewhereas this is 8-10% and here it is mentioned that 2-15% for wet process.So once the moisture is more, water is more, so obviously the reactor volume will be higherin case of wet process and dry pusses the volume will be less.Solid liquid separation, again dry will be simple and this will be expensive becausemore liquid is available here.Energy balance, this is more improved for dry and less improved for the wet process.Economic performance, more improved for dry than the wet process.Retention time, also here shorter than the wet process.Type of feedstock accepted that is greater flexibility we have for dry process, but wetprocess we have lesser flexibility.So this is the development of the wet process in last few years.We will see now the kinetics of the methane productions.So we have seen that there are number of steps, so as the overall kinetics of the biogas production,obviously any one step which one will be the lowest step that will control the overallkinetics.So basically normal cases, the methane production step is very slowest step and then that controlsthe overall kinetics of the AD process, but depending upon the feedstocks, the other stepsmay also be responsible to govern the overall kinetics of this.Like say if lignin is very high, then obviously the biological conversions will be less andthe hydrolysis will also be slow and that will be the rate limiting step.If cellulose content is high in feedstock, then hydrolysis may be rate limiting step.Somewhere gas transfer can also be limiting the process.Now overall rate kinetics if we want to represent, so R = So x µmax theta-1-Ks/theta x µmaxtheta-1.So here So is the substrate concentration in the feed, µmax is the maximum specificgrowth rate and theta is the retention time.So Ks is the saturation constant or substrate concentration at which the specific growthrate is 1/2 of µmax.So that way, we can get the value of R that is the substrate converted per liquid volumeat hydraulic retention time of theta.So this theta value, hydraulic retention time, that will be dependent upon the nature ofmaterials we are using.So you see here at 30 to 37 degree centigrade, optimum conversion of glucose can be achievedat theta of 4 hour for acidogenic phase and 4 days in methane phase reactors.But if we use others say cellulose, then this theta value will be increased, so that was4 hour in this for glucose, but now here we are 1 to 2 days for acidogenic phase and whichwas 4 days and then it is 5 to 8 days for methanogenic phase.This table shows us some µmax and Ks value for different types of compounds, the glucose,cellulose for acidogenic phase and also for methanogenesis phase.Now there are some important facts regarding the anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste.In the digester if we maintain high temperature, we will get more production of biogas, lowerthe temperature, lesser the biogas production.So in a country where the temperature is very less at the time some heating arrangementis made making some jacketed vessels like this or some heat or steam or some other fluidis sent through it, hot fluid is sent through it to maintain the temperature and pressurehas not much significant affect on it.Reduced pressure also provides little or no benefit.Then low pH and short retention time precludes growth of methanogenic bacteria, if pH isvery low, then methanogenic bacteria will not grow and retention time is also less,so complete conversion will not be possible.Here we do not need a very vigorous stirring, we need rapid continuous agitation of anaerobicdigester is not necessary, and in some cases it is even harmful.Specific methane yield, so how much methane will be produced per unit mass of substratethat will depend upon the volatile metal content in it, that is how much biodegradable CODor VS loading in this.So these are the some important facts related to anaerobic digestion reactions.Now we will see types of anaerobic digesters.There are 2 types of digesters, one is low rate and another is high rate.So low rate means retention time will be higher and high rate means retention time will belower.So here for low rate, retention time is 30-60 days whereas for high rate retention timeis less than 15 days.So feed rate will also be lower in case of low rate and higher in case of high rate,here you see 0.5 to 1.5 kg volatile solid per meter cube per day and then we are getting1.6 to 6.8 kg volatile solid per meter cube per day.So this is the difference between these 2 types of anaerobic digesters.Most digesters are heated and operated in the mesophilic range and usually made of concreteand steel as a material of construction.Then what would be the digester operation, obviously it handles the microorganism, socertain pH should be maintained.So pH, microbial growth is very specific to pH, so optimum pH is 7.2-7.0.Most digester operates in the temperature of 30-38 degree centigrade.What you see pH, how can we maintain the pH, we can add some alkali if needed or by maintainedby properly seeding fresh added sludge and not excessively withdrawing sludge.If we do not withdraw excess sludge and we do not add very high amount of fresh sludge,if you can maintain certain ratio, then the pH can be adjusted because pH changes cantake place during the reaction.Then heavy metals may inhibit digestion process and must be eliminated at the source.The pretreatment and heavy metal removal will be done at the earlier stage.The supernatant liquid which is generated here that also contains some amount of organicthat can be biodegradable organics so those can be treated and clean water can be produced.Now we will see the development in the anaerobic digestion processes and the anaerobic digesterwe will see.So we have come to know that anaerobic digestion process takes through 2 important routes,one is acidogenic and another is your methanogenic routes.So acidogenesis takes place at lower pH and methanogenesis takes place at higher pH.The pH range is given here say 5.5-5.9 for acidogenesis and then for methanogenesis 7.4-7.9.We are maintaining our pH around 7, so both microorganisms are not able to give us theirmaximum performance.So if we can use 2 reactors in place of one, one is at this acidic range and another isat basic pH as mentioned here, so the microorganisms can give us their best performance and ouroverall efficiency can be improved.So that is the concept for use of two-stage digester and which has sludge in we are usinghere for the feedstock here, then we have mixing zone and actively digested sludge,then gas out, then it is sludge out the first step.Then it is a mixed liquor is coming out from the acidic zone, acidic pH is this one, thenthis is coming here and is coming to after pH adjustment say we are going through methanogenesissteps, then we are getting gas, and we are and getting supernatant the liquid part andthen the sludge.So that way we can use two step AD process in place of one, so we will get better performanceof the process.So up to this in this class.Thank you very much for your patience.