The key points from this module are:

The Vocal tracts are open cavities of the throat, mouth and nose above the region of the vocal fold, where speech sounds are produced.

The Vocal folds are a pair of membranes stretched across the opening of the glottis that vibrates to produce sound.

The major features of the Vocal Tract include:

Nasal Cavity: These resonate to produce nasal consonants like m and n.
Oral Cavity: The region where most speech sounds are produced.
Alveolar Ridge: The fleshly region behind the upper teeth.
Hard Palate: The bony region along the roof of the mouth.
The velum: The fleshy region behind the hard palate.

The three techniques involved in producing Consonant Sounds are:

Place of Articulation: This is the location in the oral cavity where airflow is obstructed to produce the consonant sound.
Manner of Articulation: This is the degree to which airflow is obstructed in the production of the consonant sound.
Voicing: This is the time difference between the vibration of the vocal tract and the production of the consonant sound

The parts of the oral cavity involved in the producing Vowels are:

The Jaw
The Tongue
The Lips

Regions of the Cerebral Cortex involved in Speech Production include:

Gyrus
Sulcus
Longitudinal Fissure
Lateral Sulcus

The two features of the Dual-Stream Model include:

Ventral Stream: This is the Bilateral processing pathway that interprets the meaning of an incoming speech signal.
Dorsal Stream: This is the left-hemisphere processing pathway that links incoming speech signal with motor programs.