Transdermal delivery via Ionic Liquids:
- Ionic liquids are organic salts that are liquids at ambient temperature
- Large asymmetric organic cations and inorganic or organic anions
- Negligible vapour pressure; ability to dissolve organic, inorganic and polymer materials; and high thermal stability
- Particularly useful for the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs

Inhalable Carriers: Aerodynamic Diameter
- Particle size for deep lung delivery via pulmonary route 1-5 μm in aerodynamic diameter
- Aerodynamic Diameter: The diameter of a sphere of density 1000kg/m3 with the same settling velocity as the particle of interest
- Standardizes for shape (sphere) and density (water droplet)
- Measured by cascade impact

Buccal/Sublingual Advantages
By-pass first-pass metabolism
Rapid adsorption
Low enzymatic activity
Buccal/Sublingual Disadvantages

Probability of swallowing- lost of effect
Small doses
Difficult to delivery high molecular weight drugs

Rectal Administration: Advantages

By-pass first-pass metabolism
useful for children as might be difficult to find blood vessels
Rectal Administration: Disadvantages

Absorption depends on disease state
Degradation by bacterial flora
Uncomfortable
Intravenous Administration: Advantages

Drug 100% bioavailable
Rapid Response
Total control of blood concentration
Maximize incorporation of degradable drugs
By-pass FPM
Intravenous Administration: Disadvantages
Invasive
Need for trained personnel
Possible toxicity due to incorrect dosing
Sterility